The main characteristics of the platypus and rapid eye movement

General characteristics[ edit ] Like other mammals, monotremes are endothermic with a high metabolic rate though not as high as other mammals; see below ; have hair on their bodies; produce milk through mammary glands to feed their young; have a single bone in their lower jaw; and have three middle-ear bones.

EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movement highlighted by red line. REM sleep is "paradoxical" because of its similarities to wakefulness. Although the body is paralyzed, the brain acts somewhat awake, with cerebral neurons firing with the same overall intensity as in wakefulness.

Frontal and posterior areas are less coherent in most frequencies, a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming. However, the posterior areas are more coherent with each other; as are the right and left hemispheres of the brain, especially during lucid dreams.

REM sleep is punctuated and immediately preceded by PGO ponto-geniculo-occipital wavesbursts of electrical activity originating in the brain stem. The monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrineserotonin and histamine are completely unavailable. Injections of acetylcholinesterase inhibitorwhich effectively increases available acetylcholine, have been found to induce paradoxical sleep in humans and other animals already in slow-wave sleep.

Carbacholwhich mimics the effect of acetylcholine on neurons, has a similar influence. In waking humans, the same injections produce paradoxical sleep only if the monoamine neurotransmitters have already been depleted. REM-on neurons are primarily cholinergic i.

They are also shorter in duration and more likely to loop back to their starting point. About seven of such loops take place over one minute of REM sleep.

Introduction

In slow-wave sleep the eyes can drift apart; however, the eyes of the paradoxical sleeper move in tandem. Congenitally blind people, who do not typically have visual imagery in their dreams, still move their eyes in REM sleep. Heart ratecardiac pressure, cardiac outputarterial pressureand breathing rate quickly become irregular when the body moves into REM sleep.

Overall, the brain exerts less control over breathing; electrical stimulation of respiration-linked brain areas does not influence the lungs, as it does during non-REM sleep and in waking.

In females, erection of the clitoris nocturnal clitoral tumescence or NCT causes enlargement, with accompanying vaginal blood flow and transudation i. During a normal night of sleep the penis and clitoris may be erect for a total time of from one hour to as long as three and a half hours during REM.

However, even cats with pontine lesions preventing muscle atonia during REM did not regulate their temperature by shivering. When the body shifts into REM sleep, motor neurons throughout the body undergo a process called hyperpolarization: Muscle inhibition may result from unavailability of monoamine neurotransmitters restraining the abundance of acetylcholine in the brainstem and perhaps from mechanisms used in waking muscle inhibition.

Certain scientific efforts to assess the uniquely bizarre nature of dreams experienced while asleep were forced to conclude that waking thought could be just as bizarre, especially in conditions of sensory deprivation.ODD PARTS FROM FEATURES THE AFRICAN QUEEN 1X £ This is the full opening credits and end credits.

The scenes featured are the journey down the river. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by dream-enacting behavior and impaired motor inhibition during REM sleep (REM sleep without atonia, RSWA).

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Altricial mammals (those that are relatively more dependent on their parents at birth for food, warmth, and protection; e.g., rats and cats) show a marked reduction in %REM sleep through the first postnatal weeks and show more exaggerated behavioral characteristics of REM sleep, such .

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